The new high-pressure shock-produced minerals discovered in meteorites can be considered as the possible components of the deep-seated geospheres. The structure peculiarities of the recently discovered minerals of this genetic type and of the geophysical interest are discussed in the paper. The special attention is addressed on the structure transformation under high pressure of the (Fe,Ti)-oxides and the new HP-polymorphs of ilmenite, post-spinel phases, magnetite, olivine, pyroxene and feldspars. The high-pressure polymorphs of these minerals are thought to be the constituent of the deep Earth’s interior. The crystal structures and composition of new НР-minerals discovered in meteorites and in the rocks near terrestrial impact craters provide the richer information on the complicate petrology of deep-seated geospheres which cannot be obtained on the base of laboratory experiments. On this basis it is also possible to predict their role as potentially important carriers of large ion lithophile elements in the Earth’s mantle and, hence, important contributors to the Earth’s heat budget.

The study of the newest structures of the east of the Taimyr Peninsula, expressed in relief, was carried out using the structural and geomorphological method, which allows to identify the latest deformations, which were compared with the features of the gravitational field and its transformants. A good correspondence between gravitational anomalies and the magnitude of erosion uplifts is shown, and the confinement of the selected blocks and their boundaries to the peculiarities of the transformant field is established. The zones of seismicity within the Eastern Taimyr and adjacent territories tend to faults active in the Cenozoic period, as well as to an elongated zone of contrasting values of gravitational anomalies and their transformants of the strike zone.

The lower Cenomanian ammonite Sharpeiceras cf. laticlavium (Sharpe, 1855) and the middle Cenomanian ammonite Calycoceras (Gentoniceras) gentoni (Brongniart, 1822) were found for the first time in the Selbuhra Mountain section in the South-Western Crimea. These finds allow us to complete the biostratigraphic subdivision of the Cenomanian in the South-Western Crimea and to expand our understanding of the distribution of these ammonites.

An astrochronological (cyclostratigraphic) binding of the lithological and geochemical characteristics of the Quaternary deposits to the cycles of eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit is carried out, an analysis of the relationship between the established variations of climate and paleotemperature with the moments of coincidence of different-order cycles of eccentricity and their paleoclimatic characteristics is given. The results of introducing the data obtained into the exhibition space of natural science museums are shown.

Lithological and X-ray phase analysis of clay deposits of the Lower Cretaceous of the Northwestern Caucasus allowed us to establish the conditions of their formation and the sources of erosion of clastic material. It has been established that the studied sediments were formed in normal marine relatively deep-sea conditions of the shelf. The clays of the Lower Cretaceous are characterized as rocks with high conservation properties capable of ensuring the safety of not only oil deposits, but also gaseous hydrocarbons.

Geochemical peculiarities of Pleistocene sediments from the Indian and Atlantic oceans have been compared. We used 20000 determinations of elements for each ocean sediments to calculate their mean chemical composition. It was revealed that in average Atlantic sediments are more calcareous than Pleistocene sediments of the Indian Ocean (32.17 mass% СаСО3 vs 24.51 mass% СаСО3). They are enriched by Fe2O3, Na2O, P2O5, Zr. The Pleistocene of the Indian Ocean is enriched by K2O, Co, Ni. Mass accumulation rates of all chemical components for main lithological types dominate in the Atlantic. We proposed that these results are due to higher ratio of watershed area to accumulation basin area, and higher primary productivity in the Atlantic Ocean. Geochemical specifics of the Indian Ocean Pleistocene sediments can be explained by specifics of the clay minerals composition and larger area of pelagic clays distribution.

Natural silicates are potential sources of divalent cations, which are necessary for the mineralization of CO₂ in the form of carbonates. The kinetics study of the natural talc dissolution was carried out in flow-through reactors at 25 °C in the presence and absence of organic ligands — oxalate and citrate, at pH 3. Increasing of the rate of talc dissolution in the presence of citrate and oxalate, approximately 3–4 times, is typical only for the initial stage of mineral dissolution. The steady-state dissolution rates of talc were established approximately 30–40 hours after the beginning of the experiment and were equal to 3E–10–16 mol/cm²s.

The components of the ecological-geological systems of chalk massifs, including lithotope, edaphotope, microbiocenosis, phytocenosis and zoocenosis are characterized. The features of that lithotope are connected with high porosity and rapid soaking of chalk rocks. A special feature of chalk massif edaphotope is the opportunity of formation on chalk massifs short-profile soils with a poorly developed humus horizon on the slopes and thick carbonate chernozems on the wood of chalk soils at the foot of the slopes. It is shown that the features of the lithotope and edaphotope of chalk soil massifs determine the development of phytoand zoocenoses. Xerophytes — plants that can survive during a long period of dry soil, dominate among the flora. The fauna is represented by arthropods and invertebrates, adapted to life in the upper horizons of chalk massifs, characterized by optimal temperatures in winter and summer due to the low thermal conductivity of chalk deposits.