The results of the 35th Session of the International Geological Congress held in 2016 in Cape Town (South Africa) are discussed in this paper. The major scientific problems discussed at the most popular sections are considered. Among them are the early stages in the evolution of the Earth, studies of mineral resources worldwide, the problems of the deep Earth structure, as well as modern fields of mineralogy.

Oil and gas industry shows the danger of this kind of industry, including from the environmental point of view. Entering the waters of marginal seas and ocean significantly aggravated the situation, moving a significant part of the emergency situations related to hydrocarbon production, the level of regional and global. The use of new technologies in the production of shale hydrocarbons added new problems - the total probability of contamination of large amounts of geological space highly toxic chemicals. Tracking down of a new perspective mineral energy source - gas hydrates - allows to plan only while possible passing dangers, but shows, that the ecological risk can many times more. For opposition to threat of occurrence of emergencies in connection with growth of extraction of hydrocarbons expediently creation at a national level of special structures of the control and fast reaction. Such structures can be if necessary opened for the international cooperation, and are entered into jurisdiction of the United Nations Organization.

The actual problems of the study of recent tectonics of the East European Platform and the Scythian Plate: development of cover formations of neotectonic structures, discontinuous distribution and bad of safety of correlative deposits, different views on the type of structural forms - block or bending, the nature and type of boundaries between structural forms, a change in the structural plans for the latest phase, the conditions and sources of stress in the formation of new structures.

In the study of Quaternary deposits of the Crimea selected two phases. In the first stage (since the late XIX century to the sixties of XX century) stratigraphic description of the Quaternary strata was based on the allocation of terraced complexes (a marine terraces - in the coastal part and synchronous them alluvial ones - in continental part of the Crimean peninsula). In the second stage description of the Quaternary deposits is made on the basis of their climatic and stratigraphic dissection under the leading role of the loess-soil formation structure. The basis for stratigraphic subdivision of Quaternary deposits of the Crimea was the structure of the valleys of the paleo-Dnieper and paleo-Dniester. It is shown that the nonlinear, reversible character of Black sea level changes that took place in the Quaternary can be broken a rule “the lower the hypsometrically level of the terrace is, the younger this terrace is”.

The article describes the types of breccias of the eastern part of Cape Fiolent region, including for the first time verd antique (ophicalcite), which formation is associated with the ophiolites. It is shown that the formation of the ophiolite association of that area occurred in the intersection zone of the rift valley and transform fault.

The paper presents materials on geology and geochemical specialization Riphean clastic rocks of Bashkirian meganticlinorium, including carbonaceous shales and conglomerates. In the last set high content of gold and platinum group elements, confined mainly to heavily dislocated zones. The conclusion is that the potentially ore-bearing zones in clastic sediments of the Bashkir meganticlinorium is a result of polygenic multistep processes, caused geodynamic development of the region in the Riphean-Vendian time.

Interpretation problems of long-term anisochronous multi-well pumping test under oscillating atmosphere pressure is analyzed. The barometric efficiency and corrections of measured drawdowns are calculated to Udomlya groundwater basin, evaluation of space and temporal moving of depression cone is investigated. Obtained hydraulic parameters is used for numerical model of groundwater basin and forecasting of periodical compensation wells pumping for recharge lake-coolers of Kalininskaya Nuclear Power Plant.

Five bentonites samples of the different composition were saturated with Cs and Sr under the static conditions. The desorption were examined under the filtration of distilled water through the saturated bentonite samples. Most of the studed bentonites effectively retarded both Cs and Sr. Cs desorption values were 12-20%, and Sr desorption - 2,5-23%. Structural alterations took place in the clay fraction of bentonites as a result of the sorption-desorption processes were studied by X-ray diffraction.